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Divided Attention How are we able to divide our attention among multiple concurrent tasks? influenced-by Automaticity Tasks which have been learned to a high level become "automatic" and no longer require conscious control. These tasks may be performed in parallel with other tasks., Divided Attention How are we able to divide our attention among multiple concurrent tasks? influenced-by Task similarity Similar tasks use the same cognitive resources and this competition means they can't be handled simultaneously, Divided Attention How are we able to divide our attention among multiple concurrent tasks? influenced-by Task difficulty More difficult tasks require more resources and so cannot be processed at the same time as other tasks, Attention kind-of Divided Attention How are we able to divide our attention among multiple concurrent tasks?, Late selection theories Stimuli are selected late according to an analysis of higher-level features is-a Deutch & Deutsch, 1963 All stimuli receive semantic processing. Attention only operates at the response level., Broadbent, 1958 Filter theory of attention. Stimuli are filtered based upon physical characteristics. problems Galvanic Skin Response to words semanticaly related to conditioned words., Broadbent, 1958 Filter theory of attention. Stimuli are filtered based upon physical characteristics. problems Subjects recall by semantic content not ear-by-ear., Broadbent, 1958 Filter theory of attention. Stimuli are filtered based upon physical characteristics. problems Subjects detect same message on both channels., Broadbent, 1958 Filter theory of attention. Stimuli are filtered based upon physical characteristics. problems Subjects respond to their own name on unattended channel., Early selection Stimuli are selected early according to low-level physical characteristics is-a Broadbent, 1958 Filter theory of attention. Stimuli are filtered based upon physical characteristics., Early selection Stimuli are selected early according to low-level physical characteristics is-a Treisman, 1960 Attenuator theory of attention. Stimuli are attenuated with "relevant" stimuli having a low threshold for activation., Attention kind-of Focused Attention How are we able to narrow our focus to just one stimulus?, Divided Attention How are we able to divide our attention among multiple concurrent tasks? tested-with Dichotic Listening In a dichotic listening task the subject receives a different audio channel to each ear and must "shadow" one channel., Focused Attention How are we able to narrow our focus to just one stimulus? type-of Auditory, Focused Attention How are we able to narrow our focus to just one stimulus? type-of Visual, Attention research Cherry, 1958 The "cocktail party" problem Cherry wondered why, at a party, we are able to focus on the person we are speaking to and ignore everyone else., Attention theories Early selection Stimuli are selected early according to low-level physical characteristics, Attention theories Late selection theories Stimuli are selected late according to an analysis of higher-level features, Attention theories Variable selection The ammount of processing is related to task difficulty. More difficult tasks receiving more attention., Variable selection The ammount of processing is related to task difficulty. More difficult tasks receiving more attention. is-a Johnson & Heinz, 1978 Attention is divided among available tasks according to their importance., Attention effects Stroop Effect